LiDAR technology have as main advantages of its laser energy penetration to the ground, for instance, through canopies however, the cost and complexity of the data acquisition involved implies that such airborne data is not always easy to update, or sometimes is only partially available. The bare ground representation in the form of DEM from these sources is the basis of urban and peri-urban local flood studies. Highly detailed terrain modelling is usually produced from data obtained by active sensors such as airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). There is also the digital surface model (DSM) that include natural and man-made objects. , which refers to DEM as the Z-dimension of the terrain digitally. In a further explanation, the DEM concept has been considered in the same way proposed by Polat et al. Geospatial products, such as digital elevation models (DEMs) are useful topographic representations of space and have some specifics for flood studies. Thus, effective spatial tools are required by governments and societies to take action against increasing exposure to natural hazards. Projected increases of heavy rainfall, based on climate models, are expected to aggravate local floods.
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